Research paper

 

Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Farm Yard Manure on Salt-Affected Soil in Dongola Area

Amal M. Izzel Din1 and Malik Nasr Malik2

 

1 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Dongola, Dongola, Sudan

2Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan

Corresponding Author: amalizz5@hotmail.com

 

 

 

A B S T R A C T

 


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal for Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 35 - 52

 

  

تأثير فترات الري، طول السراب وسماد المزرعة على الاراضي المتأثرة بالملوحة
بمنطقة دنقلا
1.امال عز الدين  2.ومالك نصر مالك


1قسم المحاصيل، كلية العلوم الزراعية، جامعة دنقلا

2قسم التربة، كلية الزراعة، جامعة الخرطوم


أجريت تجربة حقلية في مزرعة جامعة دنقلا بالولاية الشمالية لدراسة أثر ثلاث مناوبات ري ( 14 ،7و 21يوم) مع إضافة او
بدون اضافة سماد المزرعة في أحواض مسربة بطولين مختلفين للسرابة مع إضافة كميات محسوبة من المياه تم تقديرها
بواسطة معادلة جنسن وهيز، حيث كانت كمية المياه ثابتة لكل المعاملات في نهاية التجربة. تمت دراسة أثر كل هذه المعاملات
على غسيل محلول تربة شديدة الملوحة. اجريت التجربة وفق تصميم القطع المنشقة حيث وضع مكون الري في القطع الرئيسة
وطول السرابة وسماد المزرعة في القطع الفرعية بعدد 36قطعة (حوض،) 18منها للسرابات الطويلة و 18اخرى للسرابات
القصيرة. أسفرت نتائج التجربة أن مناوبات الري قللت التوصيل الكهربائي لمحلول التربة على النحو التالي 7يوم > 14يوم >
21يوم. حيث أكدت النتائج أن ري التربة كل 7يوم كان أفضل وتبعه الري كل 14يوم بينما كان الري كل 21يوم الأسوأ في
غسيل الأملاح. أوضحت النتائج بأن الري بصرف النظر عن المعاملات المختلفة قام بتخفيف التوصيل الكهربائي لمستخلص
التربة حتى عمق 50سم. اما إضافة سماد المزرعة فقد كانت ذات فعالية في غسيل الأملاح حيث وجد أن هنالك فرق معنوي
بين الأحواض المعاملة بسماد المزرعة والأحواض التي لم يضاف إليها. كما أفادت نتائج البحث أن طول السرابة كان ذا أثر
معنوي حيث أن طول السرابة ( 5متر) أظهرت نتائج معنوية مقارنة بطول السرابة ( 10متر) في غسيل الأملاح. مما سبق
يمكن القول بأن الأثر المتداخل لمناوبة الري كل 7يوم مع إضافة 5طن/الفدان سماد المزرعة في أحواض مسربة بطول 5متر
هي الطريقة المثلي لتحقيق أفضل غسيل للأملاح

 

 

 

 


Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

 

Introduction

The accumulation of the excessive salts in the root zone often results in a partial or complete loss of soil productivity. This is a widespread phenomenon in the arid and semi-arid regions of Sudan (Nachtergeale, 1976).

There are three types of salt-affected soils, namely, saline soils, sodic soils and saline – sodic soils. The traditional classification of salt-affected soils has been based on the soluble salt concentration and on the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil (El- Morsy, et al., 1991). Saline soils are characterized by a high concentration of soluble salts (more than 4 dS/m) with a soil pH less than 8.5. These soils contain excessive amounts of soluble ions such as Na+, Mg++, Ca++, K+, Cl-, SO4, CO3 and HCO3 (Bohn et al., 1985). On the other hand, sodic soils contain excessive amounts of exchangeable sodium with an ESP greater than 15% and pH > 8.5 (USDA, 2009). High values of ESP always adversely affects aggregate stability and hence, resulting in a low soil permeability.

Saline- sodic soils are those of ECe > 4 dS/m and ESP > 15% with a pH > 8.5 (Richards, 1954). Salt-affected soils are found in the Northern part of Sudan, in desert, semi-desert, arid and semi-arid climates. Large areas of Sudan soils are affected to some degree by salinity and/or sodicity.

The increase in both human and animal density encouraged horizontal expansion in agriculture; therefore, the use of these soils for growing crops becomes a necessity

Dongola area is severely affected by desertification and salinization processes. The more productive first terrace soil is intensively used (Izzeldeen, 2002), thus utilization of salt-affected soils has become an important aspect of agricultural development. The upper terrace soils are constrained by salinity and sodicity which restricts crop productivity due to a high osmotic pressure and specific ion effect. In this area, Huntings (1964) and Karouri (1967), cited that considerable variations in salt content and composition exist not only between different sites but also with depth in the same site.

Water resources in Sudan are limited because of the large expansion of the cropped area, particularly, in desert, semi desert, arid and semi-arid regions. However, the scarcity of rainfall led to an increased demand for irrigation water. The situation emphasizes the need for using scientifically sound method for scheduling irrigation water. Thus, the efficient utilization may be realized by the use of salt - tolerant crops, application of soil amendments, addition of fertilizers and proper water management.

 

 
   


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal for Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 35 - 52

Inorganic fertilizers are imported and hence they are very expensive. Thus, there is an increasing trend for the use of agricultural and animal wastes (organic amendments as sources of nutrients). Furthermore, soil organic amendments may improve the soil physical conditions and may thus offer possibility of increasing the efficiency of salt leaching.

Crops vary widely in their tolerance to salinity; salt tolerance of a given crop may vary according to its stage of growth. In general, salts may affect plant growth directly by increasing the osmotic pressure of the soil solution, by accumulation of a certain ion to a toxic level in plant tissues, and by causing nutritional imbalance.

Local barley (Hordeum Vulgare) is a potential crop in Dongola area. People use the barley as food and its powder as a medicine. Besides this, the crop is very tolerant to salinity and sodicity.

This research was undertaken to study the effect of irrigation interval, furrow length, and application of farm yard manure on salt leaching in Dongola area.

Materials and Methods The study area climate

The study was conducted in Dongola area which is true desert with extremely high temperatures and radiation in summer, low temperature in winter, scarce rainfall, and high wind speed. The diurnal range of temperature is wide all the year. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 36.8 and 19.5ºC, respectively. Temperatures as high as 49ºC are not uncommon in the period extending from April to June. In winter, temperatures as low as 1.0ºC have been recorded. The climate is hyper arid with a vapor pressure of only 10.8mb and a relative humidity of less than 20% with a mean bright sunshine duration of 10.5 hours (at 87% of the possible hours). Clouds are generally rare. Solar radiation is as high as 25.88 MJ/m2/day in May. Rainfall is scarce with a mean annual of 12.3mm. Wind prevails from the North at a mean speed of 15.7km/hr (Izzel Deen, 2002).

Physiography

Dongola area, consists of a basement complex of precambrian metamorphic rocks overlain by the Nubian sandstone which is known for it's abundant ground water (Izzel Deen, 1983) observed out crops of basement complex just North of Kerma town. Alluvial deposits dominate the flood plains along the Nile banks. Away from this bank, sand dunes rest upon smooth ground sloping gently towards the Nile. The land is flat due to wind erosion and the nature of the underlying rocks (Andrew, 1947). The geomorphology of the area is characterized by sand and wind

 

 

 

 


Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

hammocks. In general, in Dongola, the soil area is divided into two main groups; soils of the recent flood plain and soils of the high terrace (Karouri, 1978).

Soil of the study area

A profile was dug in the experimental area and described according to the standard soil survey procedures. The physical and chemical properties of this profile are reported in Table (1).

Profile Description

  • Parent material: Nile alluvial
  • Drainage: well
  • Soil moisture condition:
  • Depth of ground water table: 8
  • Presence of erosion: wind
  • Presence of surface stones: (Nil.)
  • Presence of salt or alkali: common CaCO3 white
  • Human influence: virgin land, dark with wheat fields

 

0-10cm: Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3) moist and dry, loam to sandy loam, slightly sickly  and slightly plastic fine granular structure, friable moist; soft dry; few fine tubular pores; calcareous matrix; abrupt smooth boundary; pH 8.2.

10-40cm: Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3) moist and dry, sandy clay loam, moderate to medium and fine sub-angular blocky; sticky and plastic wet; friable moist; hard dry; few fine tubular pores; common CaCo3 calcareous; smooth boundary; pH 7.7.

40-60cm: Grayish brown (10 YR 4/3) moist and dry; sandy clay loam; moderate; fine sub- angular blocky; sticky; plastic wet; firm moist; hard dry; few fine pores; sand grains; gray CaCO3 nodules; gradual smooth boundary; pH 7.8.

60-75cm: Grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) moist; loam, weak, coarse, medium and fine sub-angular blocky; slightly sticky; plastic; firm moist; hard dry; few tubular pores; many CaCO3 nodules; very strong calcareous with smooth boundary; pH 9.5.

75-120cm: Light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4) dry; dark brown to brown (10 YR 4/5) moist; friable; sandy loam; massive; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; wet friable moist; hard dry; few CaCO3 white concretions; slightly calcareous; pH 7.3.

  • cm: Yellow (10 YR 7/6) dry; yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6) moist; sand; single grain; non sticky and non plastic; loose moist; loose dry; non calcareous; pH 4.

 

 
   

 

 


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal for Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 35 - 52

Layout of the experiment

A field experiment was carried out, in Dongola University Farm at Elselaim, on the eastern bank of the Nile. The experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of irrigation frequency (I), furrow length (F) and filed yard manure, FYM (M) on ECe. The treatments consisted of three irrigation intervals; 7, 14 and 21 days, two furrow lengths, 5 m- long (F5) and 10 m- long (F10) with and without addition of FYM (M1and M0, respectively). The experiment was arranged in a spilt-plot design, where irrigation interval (frequency) was assigned to main plots (10x15m), each experiment was divided into four subplots. Thus, it was consisted of nine main plots and 36 subplots. The main plot (10×15m) was separated by 2m-wide path. The whole area was ploughed to 30 cm depth. Each main plot (10×15m) was consisted of two short furrow (F5) plots (5×5m) and two long furrow plots (5x10m). The test crop was local barley (Hordeum Vulgare).

Land Preparation

Experimental area was ploughed to the depth of 30 cm, then the span leveler was used for leveling the area, then a tool bar was used for ridging to give a standard ridge spacing of 80 cm for the furrow.

Soil Sampling

Two sets of soil samples were taken from each plot, one before sowing and a second set at harvest. Soil samples of approximately 2kg were collected from depths of 0- 20, 20- 40, 40- 60, 60- 80 and 80- 100 cm soil depths. Total number of samples collected was 720 soil samples. The samples were air-dried, crushed and passed through 2-mm sieve and kept in labeled bags for physical and chemical analysis.

 

 
   

 

 

 

 


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal of Agriculture Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 35 - 52

  

Table 1. The physical and chemical properties of a typical soil profile from the experimental site

 

Depth (cm)

ECedS/m

 

 

pH

 

Soluble cations (meq/l)

Soluble anions

 

S.P %

Particle size distribution

%

ESP %

CEC

Meq/100g soil

CaCO3

B.D g/cm3

 

SAR

%

(meq/l)

Ca++

Mg+

 

Na+

K+

 

N%

 

P%

-

CO3

 

-

HCO3

Cl-

 

-

SO4

 

Clay

 

Silt

 

Sand

Fine sand

0-10

23.9

8.5

20

5.3

212

1.15

0.08

0.0018

-

19.2

45

173.3

40.5

19.0

10.1

37.2

33.7

58.8

19.0

8.42

1.54

59.55

10-40

26.8

7.7

28

7.8

231

1.17

0.014

0.0015

-

10.9

190

66.0

39.8

21.9

13.9

22

42.2

54.1

24.0

7.20

1.51

54.61

40-60

27.3

7.8

19.2

7.9

245

1.16

0.002

0.012

-

12.5

130

129.8

52.9

29.5

21.5

16.1

32.9

66.0

30.0

8.51

1.76

66.58

60-75

30.2

9.5

16.5

6.0

269

1.01

0.002

0.028

-

11.8

80

199.8

45.9

25.2

29.9

5.0

39.9

78.5

24.0

8.32

1.77

80.30

75-120

20.8

7.5

9.4

6.1

192

0.18

0.005

0.007

-

18.4

91

98.3

48.4

23.1

25.2

4.2

47.0

67.8

26.0

6.21

1.54

69.06

120-140

21.9

7.3

7.2

5.3

205

1.06

0.009

0.019

-

16.5

110

91.2

42.3

20.5

15.5

4.0

60.0

80.1

28.0

4.29

1.54

82.0

140-170

8.2

7.4

3.4

4.8

70.9

1.09

0.002

0.007

-

10.4

35

33.7

32.0

-

-

29.1

70.9

35.6

3.4

1.90

1.50

35.10

 

 

 
Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

For each soil depth, clots each of approximately 5 cm in diameter were taken from the same soil depths for bulk density determination.

Irrigation treatments

A predetermined quantity of water (Qi) was delivered to the sub plots using the 5-cm throat width Parshall flume in the experiment. The water quantity was estimated by the following relationship:

 

 

 

 

 
   

 

 

Where:

 

E= the site elevation in m.

Soil analysis

All determinations were carried out according to the standard method outlined in USDA (2009). The following determinations were made for each sample at the laboratory of Agric. Research Station of Dongola: saturation percentage, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), soluble cations, (Ca and Mg), Na by flame photometer, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchange sodium percentage (ESP) and mechanical analysis. Soil bulk density was determined using the clod method (Black, 1962).

Results and discussion

The effect of irrigation frequency on ECe

Table (2) shows the effect of irrigation frequency (I) on the initial ECe for the experiment at depth 0 – 20cm. The irrigation frequency reduced the initial ECe by 73.2, 68.5 and 52.0% for irrigation frequency at 7 days, 14 days and 21 days, respectively. The statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference between I7 and I14, but showed a significant difference (P=0.05) between I7 and I21 and I14 and I21.

Effect of irrigation frequency on the initial ECe for at the depth 20-40cm presented in Table (3). The effect of the irrigation frequency on ECe at this depth has the same trend as top soil (0 – 20cm). The reduction in the initial ECe is as follows: I7 > I14 > I21, respectively. The reduction in the initial ECe was 61.1, 53.0 and 20.7% when irrigated every 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. In general, salt leaching was increased with decreasing irrigation frequency. This may be attributed to the fact that the frequent irrigation reduced the soil matric suction and alleviate both osmotic and water potential (Hillel, 1982). These results are in agreement with the findings of Wagenet et al. (1980), Abdel Rahim (1985), Ali (1987), Ahmed (1995) and Fardad and Shirdeli (1996).

 

 
   


Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations as explained in Table (2)

Main irrigation frequency (I) effect LSD0.05 = 1.61 Main furrow length(F) effect LSD0.05                        = 1.32 Main farm yard manure (M) effect LSD0.05         = 1.32 Interaction (I × F) effect     = NS

Interaction (I × M) effect          = NS

Interaction  (F × M) effect        = S**

Interaction (I × F × M) effect    = NS

 

 

 

 
Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal of Agriculture Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 34 – 51

Table (4) showed the effect of irrigation frequency (I) on ECe at (40 – 60cm) depth. It is evident that the effect of I on this layer was not as marked as that on the top layers. This may be due to the slow water movement in these layers due to increase in ESP and the bulk density with depth, hence the ECe increased by 27.8, 28 and 34.2% when irrigated every 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. However, there was no significant difference among the three irrigation frequencies in this layer.

Table 4: Mean electrical conductivity (dS/m) as affected by irrigation frequency, furrow length and FYM at 40-60cm soil depth at the end of the experiment

 

Irrigation frequency

Initial ECe                          Treatment                       

(days)

(dS/m)

M0

M1

M0

M1

 

I7

21.76

20.91

20.41

39.20

30.67

27.80a

I14

21.76

20.00

20.00

40.50

30.90

27.85a

I21

21.76

17.33

17.89

39.70

41.90

29.21a

FYM (mean)

21.76

19.41

19.43

39.8

34.49

 

Furrow mean

21.76

19.42b

 

37.15a

 

 

CV

10.77

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               F5                                      F10                          Mean

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations as explained in Table (2)

Main irrigation frequency (I) effect LSD0.05 = 2.58 Main furrow length (F) effect LSD0.05                   = 2.11 Main farm yard manure (M) effect LSD0.05 = 2.11 Interaction (I × F) effect                                    = S**

Interaction (I × M) effect                                   = S*

Interaction (F × M) effect                                  = NS

Interaction (I × F × M) effect                            = NS

 

 

Table (6) presents the effect of irrigation frequency on (80–100cm) depth for the experiment. In this layer, the initial ECe increased by 174.7, 198.3 and 148.1% for I7, I14 and I21, respectively.

The ECe distribution can be divided into two zones, leached zone from top to 50cm depth and accumulation zone, from 50cm up to 100cm depth and the efficiency of leaching decreased with the increasing of soil depth. This may be due to decrease in water movement with the soil depth due to increase in clay content and the bulk density with increase in soil depth (Table 1).

The effect of furrow length (F) on ECe

The effect of furrow length on ECe for 0 - 20cm and 20 - 40cm depth for the experiment, is shown in Tables (2) and (3). The effect of furrow length on ECe is statistically significant (P=0.05). The ECe values at the (0-20cm) depth were decreased by 68.2 and 61.2% at furrow length five meters (F5) and furrow length ten meters (F10), respectively.

 

 

 

Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

 


For (20–40cm) depth, ECe values were decreased by 44 and 32.3% for F5 and F10, respectively.

Tables (4,5 and 6) show the effect of furrow length on the ECe for (40-60cm), (60–80) and (80–100) soil depth for the experiment. The effect of furrow length on ECe is statistically significant (P=0.05) for all. The ECe values were decreased by 10.9% at F5 and increased by 70.7% at F10.

For (60 – 80cm) depth, the initial ECe was increased by 259.5% at F5 and 128.8% at F10.

The initial ECe increased in the 80–100cm depth by 146.3% for F5 and by 201% for F10 for the experiment. Generally, the reduction in ECe was in the following order: F5 > F10.

It is clear that the furrow length (F5) was more effective in salt leaching than the furrow length (F10). This is may be due to the fact that short furrow conserves more water and minimizes unnecessary deep drainage (Izzel Din, 1995). Long furrow results in deep percolation losses and erosion in the upper ends of furrows (Schwab et al., 1966). These results were in agreement with the findings of Mohamed (2002).

The effect of FYM (M) on ECe

Tables (2) and (3) show the effect of FYM on the initial ECe for (0–20cm) depth and (20– 40cm) depth for the experiment. Addition of FYM, significantly (P = 0.05) affected salt leaching and reduced ECe by 63.1 and 66% for plots without FYM (M0) and plots received 5 ton/ fed. FYM (M1), respectively.

Tables (4, 5 and 6) show the effect of addition of FYM on ECe at the (40–60cm), (60– 80cm) and (80–100cm) soil depth. The initial ECe was affected by the application of M1 where it was increased by 36 and 24% for M0 and M1, respectively. Further, the data showed that the (60– 80cm) and (80–100cm) soil depth followed the same trend as in depth (40–60cm) and the initial ECe increased by 51.1 and 52.1% for M0 and M1, respectively. The initial ECe of (80 – 100cm) depth was increased in the experiment by 26.9 and 37.5% for M0 and M1, respectively.

In general, as the results showed, application of FYM, significantly (P = 0.05) affected salt leaching and ECe distribution in the soil profile which showed a top leached zone and a salt accumulation zone.

It is clear that the plots received FYM (M1) resulted in the best salt leaching than those without FYM (M0). These results were in agreement with the findings of Poonia and Bhumbla (1974); Meek et al. (1979); Parsad and Singh (1980) and Izzel Deen (1995). This may be due to

 

 


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal of Agriculture Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 34 – 51

the fact that FYM improved the physical and chemical conditions of soil, protect soil water from evaporation and enhanced the stability of the soil aggregates (Mustafa and Abdel Magid, 1981).

The combined effect of furrow length (F) and FYM (M) on ECe

Table (2) shows the combined effect of furrow length ten meters (F10) and five meters (F5) with the addition of 5 ton/ fed of FYM to each furrow length (F5M1 and F10M1) and without the addition of FYM (F5M0 and F10M0), at 0 – 20cm depth for the experiment on the initial ECe. The combined effect of F5M1 and F10M1, reduced the initial ECe by 70.4 and 61.7%, respectively.

In general, the combined effect of FYM and furrow length reduced the initial ECe in the following order: F5M1 > F5M0 > F10M1 > F10M0.

Table (3) presents the combined effect of furrow length and addition of FYM on ECe at 20 – 40cm depth for the experiment. It is clear that in this depth, the combined effect of (F) and (M), reduced the initial ECe by 48.8 and 34.7% for F5M1 and F10M1, respectively, for the experiment.

Table (5) presents the effect of irrigation frequency on initial ECe at 60 – 80cm depth. In this depth, salt leaching followed the same trend as in 40 – 60cm depth and the ECe values increased by 191.6, 204 and 185.3% when irrigated every 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively, for the first experiment. However, there was no significant difference among the three irrigation frequencies.

Table (6) presents the effect of irrigation frequency on (80-100) soil depth for the experiment, in this layer, the initial ECe increased by 174, 7,198.3 and 148.8% for I7, I14 and I21, respectively.

Table (4) shows the effect of combined treatments, F5M1 and F10M1 at depth (40 – 60cm). The data showed that F5M1 reduced the initial ECe by 10.7%, whereas F10M1 increased ECe by 58.5% for the experiment.

Tables (5) and (6) show the combined effect of furrow length (F) and FYM (M) on ECe of (60 – 80cm) and (80 – 100cm) depth for the experiment. The combined effect of F5M1 and F10M1 both increased ECe by 223.2 and 170.1%, respectively, for (60 – 80cm) depth by the end of the experiment. At (80 – 100cm) depth for the experiment, the combined effect of furrow length and FYM increased ECe by 185.1 and 252% for F5M1 and F10M1, respectively. In general ECe increased in this depth in the following order: F10M1> F5M1> F10M0> F5M0.

 

 
   


Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil

Table 5: Mean electrical conductivity (dS/m) as affected by irrigation frequency, furrow length and FYM at 60-80cm soil depth at the end of the experiment

 

Irrigation frequency

Initial ECe                          Treatment                       

(days)

(dS/m)

M0

M1

M0

M1

 

I7

17.56

70.83

39.50

43.90

50.60

51.21a

I14

17.56

71.50

65.49

25.90

51.27

53.54a

I21

17.56

66.07

65.30

28.60

40.40

50.09a

FYM (mean)

17.56

69.46

56.76

32.80

47.42

 

Furrow mean

17.56

63.12a

 

40.17b

 

 

CV

7.75

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               F5                                      F10                          Mean

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations as explained in Table (2)

Main irrigation frequency (I) effect LSD0.05                         = 3.38 Main furrow length (F) effect LSD0.05                                        = 2.76 Main farm yard manure (M) effect LSD0.05                           = 2.76 Interaction (I × F) effect                                                  = S**

Interaction (I × M) effect      = S**

Interaction (F × M) effect      = S**

Interaction (I × F × M) effect  = S**

 

Table 6: Mean electrical conductivity (dS/m) as affected by irrigation frequency, furrow length and FYM at 80-100cm soil depth (cm) at the end of the experiment

 

 

M0

M1

M0

M1

 

I7                                                         11.76

28.00

29.60

29.00

42.60

32.30a

I14                                                       11.76

25.00

40.50

31.90

42.90

35.08a

I21                                                       11.76

20.17

30.50

27.23

38.80

29.18b

FYM (mean)                        11.76

Furrow mean                        11.76

24.39

28.96b

33.53

29.37

35.41a

41.43

 

CV                                        10.61

 

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations as explained in Table (2)

 

 

Main irrigation frequency (I) effect LSD0.05

= 2.89

Main furrow length(F) effect LSD0.05

= 2.36

Main farm yard manure (M) effect LSD0.05 Interaction (I × F) effect

= 2.36

= NS

Interaction (I × M) effect

= NS

Interaction (F × M) effect

Interaction (I × F × M) effect

= NS

= S*

 

 

Irrigation frequency (days)

 

Initial ECe (dS/m)

 

                        Treatment                       

               F5                                      F10                 

 

Mean

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

In this study, the effect of irrigation frequency, furrow length and FYM was investigated. The results indicated that the short frequency irrigation (7 days), with the application of 5ton/fed FYM and the furrow length (F5) were found to be good practices to enhance leaching of salts.

 

 
   


Amal M. I. and Malik N. M. / Nile Journal of Agriculture Sciences Vol. 2, NO. 1 (2017) 34 – 51

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Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Furrow Length and Manure on Salt-Affected Soil